If you release the trigger, the sear will catch hold of the bolt and keep it from swinging forward. If you keep the trigger depressed, the rear spring will drive the bolt against the new cartridge, starting the whole cycle over again. When the spent shell is extracted, the feeding system can load a new cartridge into the breech. The ejector's job is to remove the spent shell from the extractor and drive it out of an ejection port. The backward motion of the bolt also activates the ejection system. As the bolt recoils, the extractor slides with it, pulling the empty shell backward. In a typical system, the extractor has a small lip that grips onto a narrow rim at the base of the shell. The bolt is connected to an extractor, which removes the spent shell from the barrel. When the pieces separate, the barrel spring (4) pushes the barrel forward, while the bolt keeps moving backward. As the bolt and barrel slide backward, they move past a metal piece that unlocks them. The force of the moving bullet applies an opposite force on the barrel, pushing it and the bolt backward. In this gun, both the bolt and the barrel can move freely in the gun housing. The barrel and the bolt have a locking mechanism that fastens them together on impact. The impact of the bolt firing pin on the cartridge ignites the primer, which explodes the propellant, which drives the bullet down the barrel. The bolt pushes the cartridge from the breech into the chamber. When you pull the trigger, it releases the bolt, and the spring drives the bolt forward. The feed system runs an ammunition belt through the gun, loading a cartridge into the breech (more on this later). The trigger sear (3) catches onto the bolt and holds it in place. Here's the process: To prepare this gun to fire, you pull the breech bolt (1) back, so it pushes in the rear spring (2). There are three basic mechanisms for harnessing this power: The basic idea behind Maxim's gun, as well as the hundreds of machine gun designs that followed, was to use the power of the cartridge explosion to reload and re-cock the gun after each shot. Maxim's remarkable gun could shoot more than 500 rounds per minute, giving it the firepower of about 100 rifles. The first fully automatic machine gun is actually credited to an American named Hiram Maxim.
But unlike modern machine guns, it isn't fully automatic: You have to keep cranking if you want to keep shooting. The Gatling gun is often considered a machine gun because it shoots a large number of bullets in a short amount of time. The Gatling gun played an important role in several 19th century battles, but it wasn't until the early 20th century that the machine gun really established itself as a weapon to be reckoned with.
When each barrel revolves around to the bottom of the cylinder, the spent cartridge shell falls out of an ejection port. The pin hits the cartridge, firing the bullet down the barrel. Just after a new cartridge is loaded into the breech, the firing-pin cam slides out of the groove and the spring propels it forward. As each barrel revolves around the cylinder, the groove pulls the pin backward, pushing in on a tight spring. Now let's take a look at how gun manufacturers addressed the disadvantages of using revolvers.Įach firing pin has a small cam head that catches hold of a slanted groove in the gun's body. You also have to eject the empty shells from the cylinders manually. But you're still fairly limited: You have to pull the trigger for every shot, and you need to reload after six shots (although some modern revolvers can hold 10 rounds of ammunition). You can load six shots at a time and you only have to pull the trigger to fire. Obviously, this sort of gun is easier to use than a flintlock or a percussion cap weapon. The case temporarily seals the breech, so all the expanding gas pushes forward rather than backward. When the propellant explodes, the cartridge case expands. This gives the bullet better stability as it flies through the air and increases its accuracy.
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